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    The use of essential oils to control pathogen-carrying cockroaches found in Mangaung food markets
    (Central University of Technology, 2021) Sedikelo, Gosego Keotshepile Mapula; Lenetha, GG; Malebo, NJ
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    Food security and related wellness indicators of health sciences students in central South Africa during Covid-19: a programme to mitigate the impact of isolated, confined and extreme environments
    (Central University of Technology, 2024) Jonker, Juanita; Lues, JFR; Walsh, C
    The negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic resulting from isolated, confined, and extreme (ICE) environments brought about by strict lockdown restrictions has been widely documented, including its effects on Higher Education. Decreased physical activity, change in nutritional habits, weight gain, food insecurity, inadequate quality sleep, poor mental health and decreased academic performance are amongst manifestations of such impacts. In developing economies, the impact of the pandemic has been argued to be more pronounced as a result of limited resources and infrastructure. The aim of this study was to investigate possible changes in the nutritional health and related wellness indicators of students at a selected higher education institution in South Africa due to COVID-19 circumstances, and to propose a programme to the Higher Education portfolio that may mitigate negative impacts during future events resulting in ICE environments. Such future events may include political instability and conflicts, pandemics, climate change consequences, economic decline and the like. A mixed method investigation was performed using both questionnaires and focus group discussions amongst final year students selected from four health science curricula at a prominent South African university of technology (UoT). The questionnaire and focus group discussions measured similar constructs and utilised existing, validated questionnaires, including Household Food Insecurity Access Scale, SA Demographic and Health Survey surveys, and questionnaires to assess adherence to diet and exercise advice, as well as Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale of 21 Items. Data from questionnaires and focus group discussions were coded, analysed, and interpreted, whereafter a targeted and aligned mitigation programme was proposed for Higher Education institutions. To achieve the former, design thinking and project management processes were integrated towards a suitable and effective methodology to develop interventions and strategies for the challenges that emerged from the findings of the study. The adapted and integrated design process consists of six phases: (1) Initiation and planning, (2) Empathise, (3) Execute and define, (4) Ideate, (5) Prototype, (6) and Closure. The results of the study showed that the majority of the participants (n=148) that completed the questionnaires were female (82%), while all focus group participants (n=17) were females, resulting from the sampling methodology applied. Questionnaire participants mainly resided in urban areas (76%) during the pandemic, while 36% had parents/guardians at home. Nutritional-related data indicated that food insecurity existed at varying levels amongst 84% of questionnaire participants. The main reason for food insecurity was financial constraints, and correlation statistics indicated participants from rural areas were more food insecure. Adequate water was available to participants during the pandemic, although the quality of the water may be questionable. Questionnaire participants’ dietary intake changed, with mainly a decrease in sugary and salty snacks, although maintaining fruit, vegetables, and meat intake. Focus group participants indicated an increase in the intake of starchy food such as noodles and reverting to binge eating, primarily due to emotional stress. Dietary intake changes were also attributed to limited resources, e.g. funds and electricity. Only a few participants were aware (18%) or utilised (1%-4%) nutritional-related, as well as health and wellness support services that were offered at the institution during the pandemic. This observation suggests that respondents were unaware of the services offered by the institution. Findings on related health and wellness indicators showed that most participants perceived their general health to have deteriorated, and they fell ill more often. Questionnaire participants reported considerable weight gain (33%) or slight weight gain (24%), as well as decreased physical activity with an increase of 11% in the no exercise category. Similarly, focus group participants indicated weight fluctuations, including weight gain, as well as more sedentary behaviour. The reasons for decreased activity included lack of motivation (17%) and inaccessible training facilities such as gymnasiums (24%). Both focus group and questionnaire participants’ reported deterioration of mental health with the anxiety levels of questionnaire participants in the extreme category. Inferential statistics analysing the inter-relationships amongst tested variables indicated that a statistically significant relationship exists between food insecurity and poor mental health. Utilising a mind map methodology, interventions and strategies were developed aimed at mitigating the challenges/impacts that emerged from the findings on nutritional and related health and wellness indicators of students. These interventions and strategies were classified into two categories: awareness and communication, and resources. In the awareness and communication category, improved communication of offered support services, awareness campaigns, developing skills and knowledge and evaluation of the student cohort as part of ensuring adequate capacity of support services, were suggested interventions. The resources category consisted of the following strategies: a wellness software application utilising Artificial Intelligence (AI), an adequate food aid programme with easy access, as well as wellness support that includes nutritional and fitness support. It was recommended that the proposed programme be implemented by Higher Education institutions in accordance with the Nadler-Tushman (N-T) model of congruence. The N-T model was selected due to its authority and proven effectiveness, as well as its simple and pragmatic approach to identify gaps and shortcomings. The model is also focused on a process of transformation – the latter being a priority within the current-day Higher Education sector and peripheral institutions in developing countries. The proposed programme is not a one-size-fits-all model, whereas institutions are advised to implement it into their specific contexts and ensure congruence between all the elements. In conclusion, the study clearly showed that the ICE environment that resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted the students’ nutritional status, especially food security. Moreover, these COVID-19 circumstances also had a significant impact on health and wellness indicators of students. A need was identified for a health and wellness programme at Higher Education institutions, including improved awareness, health and wellness training and support. As a result, a programme with strategies and interventions has been proposed to institutions that must reflect on their current support service structures to amend the strategies to suit their specific circumstances. Therefore, the proposed programme serves as point of departure for institutions wanting to ensure maintenance of student health and wellness, as well as academic performance during future ICE events. Ultimately, this study endeavoured to cast light on the impact of isolated, confined, and extreme environments brought about by events currently rife on the international stage, and to suggest mediation strategies to cope in such environments, with a focus on Higher Education students.
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    Comparative evaluation of grade 10 accounting learners’ performance in papers 1 and 2 in the Lejweleputswa district
    (Central University of Technology-Welkom, 2022) May, Anele; Segalo, LJ; Mokhampanyane, MC
    This mixed methods study was carried out in the Lejweleputswa district, Free State. Its aim was a comparative evaluation of grade 10 Accounting learners’ performance in papers 1 and 2 since the splitting of the Accounting paper and also to develop strategies to improve Accounting learners’ performance. To investigate this phenomenon, a review of the literature was conducted which showed that the performance of grade 10 Accounting learners is still an issue which needs thorough interventions. The discussion included Accounting as a subject in the South African curriculum, and English as language of learning and teaching, with a possibility of teaching Accounting in the mother tongue in South African schools. The population was Grade 10 teachers and learners in the Lejweleputswa district. Convenience sampling was used to select a study sample of 5 teachers and 100 learners, and in the selection process of the target samples, performance of each school was considered. The quantitative data was collected using a content based closed-ended questionnaire and document analyses. The qualitative data was collected using an open-ended questionnaire and face-to-face interviews. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics (Mean, Median and Standard deviation) and quantified into thematic data analyses with an explanation in each category. Inclusively, the data collected revealed that learners’ activities determine their understanding in each Accounting topic. Formative assessment tasks should be done after each topic and feedback with corrections should be provided to the learners. It is extremely important to have a good Accounting background and a good Accounting foundation because, in Grades 8 and 9, EMS is based on theory, not financial literacy which forms the background of Accounting. This causes many learners to struggle in Grade 10, because they do not have the necessary background/foundation in Accounting. The study further revealed that the splitting of Accounting has been effective since it was introduced, and that most schools have improved in terms of Accounting performance. However, for some schools, the split has brought about a challenge, since paper 2 consists of three terms’ work and the consequent workload for teachers has proved too great. In addition, the findings showed that English is a barrier to learning and teaching in township schools, and hence that use of the mother tongue would be the better option and solution for South African schools. The findings further confirmed the important need for teachers to possess a deep and sound knowledge of the subject content. The scarcity of resources has brought about enormous challenges in most schools because learners were sometimes forced to crowd around one textbook and share calculators. The study recommends learning strategies such as problem-based learning and self-directed learning, and that Accounting learners should consider project-based learning to help them develop the necessary skills.
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    The impact of teacher accountability on underperforming schools at Mapela circuit in Mogalakwena district in Limpopo province
    (Central University of Technology - Welkom, 2022) Lebelo, Dimakatjo Julia; Modise, MA; Ngobeni, ET
    The majority of South Africa's government-run public schools are experiencing serious challenges with learners’ performance. The Circuit, District, and Province are all impacted by subpar performance. Under pressure, the government is enacting programs to improve the majority of the schools. Public schools, especially those in rural areas, are still far behind in terms of the curriculum due to a lack of funding, inadequate staffing, outdated facilities, and inadequate training for teachers. These encourage teachers to accept accountability for learners’ development. This study will help the government by ensuring that teachers receive the proper training to implement policies in their classrooms to help teachers understand the need of being accountable to their learners. Teachers frequently believe that they are teaching learners without giving their responsibility to the Departmental Heads, Principals, or even the Circuit Managers any serious thought. This qualitative study aims to investigate the impact of teacher accountability on poorly performing schools on the Mapela Circuit in the Mogalakwena region. Qualitative research approach was used to further learn how teacher accountability affects student performance. The researcher used a phenomenology approach to understand the effects of teacher accountability on underperforming schools at the selected schools in the Mapela Circuit. The researcher used a population of 20 primary schools in Mapela Circuit that had learners in grades R through 7. In total, there are 400 primary teachers in the circuit. Teachers from five (5) distinct schools in the circuit were deliberately recruited for this research study. The sample consisted of 16 participants, 5 principals, and 11 department heads. In this study, teachers who participated in semi-structured in-depth interviews were questioned about their sentiments, beliefs, experiences, and convictions regarding teacher accountability. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. The study produced four key themes. First off, the school and community systems actively promote the causes of poor performance. Second, it can be difficult to hold teachers responsible for learners' poor performance in the classroom. Thirdly, teachers need to address learners who perform poorly during instruction. The improvement of teacher responsibility in schools is mandated under the fourth theme.
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    The impact of social issues on the academic performance of secondary school learners in the Palala circuit division of Waterberg district in the Limpopo Province
    (Central University of Technology-Welkom, 2022) Whyken, Ramokone Lillian; Modise, MA; Sepeng, P
    Social issues in secondary schools in South Africa are a growing phenomenon, regardless of a new government and newly amended policies promising equal opportunities for access to adequate education. There are still several barriers that prevents and forces learners to drop out of school or not consider school as an important institution to draw knowledge from. As such, it is important to disclose some of these social issues and their impact on the academic performance of learners. The study explores the social issues that contribute to the poor performance of secondary school learners in South Africa, specifically the Palala circuit in the Waterberg district, Limpopo. A mixed research method is used (qualitative and quantitative) to investigate the possible improvements that could be used to deal with the social issues facing secondary school learners. Questionnaire surveys were distributed to 10 principals, 10 Head of Departments (HoDs), 10 Life Orientation teachers, and 30 learners, 3 per school in the 10 selected schools from the Palala circuit division. Interviews were conducted with the same participants. The study revealed some of the social issues that affect the academic performance of learners in secondary schools in the Palala circuit division, with some of the predominant social issues being poverty, teenage pregnancy, and unemployment. The key findings showed a correlation between what has been reported through literature, and this study. Findings indicate that participants selected prominent social issues that affect the academic performance and based on the top five social issues that were selected, literature includes those selected. Considering the comments from the participants, it shows how the trends of the social issues interrelate to a negative implication on the academic outcomes of secondary school learners. Learners and teachers revealed known barriers and challenges they face with the mentioned social issues. The study recommends that schools should establish functional health, alcohol, and drug committees that will ensure that learners do not use drugs, alcohol, and other substances that could lead to poor academic performance due to consistent absenteeism, bullying, and dropout. These committees should also invite learners’ role models, social, and former students to give motivational talks that would show how they themselves addressed challenges when they were still learners and the dangers of not focusing on their schoolwork.
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    The implementation of inclusive education by primary school educators in selected primary schools in Warmbaths circuit
    (Central University of Technology. Welkom, 2022) Mokhamphanyane, MC
    The focus of the study was to investigate the implementation of inclusive education by primary school educators in selected schools in the Warmbaths circuit. The research approach (methodology) utilised in this study was qualitative, guided by the interpretive paradigm. For this qualitative case study, a purposive and convenient sampling method was used to choose five educators, five school-based support team (SBST) members, two deputy principals, and two school principals. The total number of research participants was 14. Semi-structured one-on-one interviews, open-ended questionnaires, and document analysis were utilised to gather data on the execution of the inclusive education policy. Thematic analysis was employed to interpret and analyse data. The findings of the study were discussed according to themes and sub-themes which emanated from research questions. The findings of the current study show that most of the educators defined the concept inclusive education in different ways. Equally importantly, the study revealed that educators were unable to implement a policy of inclusive education. The majority of respondents in the findings emphasised the importance of regular workshops and monitoring in primary schools for the successful implementation of inclusive education. In conclusion, the findings of the study recommend, among others, that the Department of education provides more resources to public primary schools.
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    An evaluation of electronic waste management practices in the Ethekwini metropolitan area, Kwazulu-natal
    (Central University of Technology, 2022) Dlamini, Zanele; Roberts, H; Caws, G
    Unprecedented advancements in lifestyle and modern technology have necessitated newer and better electronic and electrical appliances. These appliances and devices have penetrated every aspect of our lives; however, not much consideration has been given to what happens to these items once it has reached its end of use or have become obsolete. Therefore, as the world moves at an ever-increasing pace towards technological advancements, there is an urgent demand to deal with increasing volumes of waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and digital devices. Fast-changing features and the increasing availability of improved products force consumers to dispose of such devices more rapidly than ever before. When such items are discarded, they become part of the e-waste stream. This study investigated current practices in handling and disposing of e-waste and the extent to which such devices are recycled in the eThekwini Municipality area. Awareness of the need to properly dispose of such waste was assessed. To conduct this investigation, companies that provide e-waste collection services and those that recycle/discard this type of waste were identified and data were collected via selfadministered questionnaires after permission had been granted to access respondents. South African e-waste policies and legislation and eThekwini Municipality by-laws on waste management were reviewed, while academic journals, books, and magazine articles were perused for secondary data collection. The data are discussed and illuminated by various tables and graphs in this dissertation. The results indicated that 70.59% of the participating organisations had guidelines and procedures in place regarding the handling of electronic waste, but only 11.76% of these companies had a clear guideline that stated that a registered e-waste recycler should be responsible for the removal and recycling of e-waste. These recyclers should submit a disposal certificate to the client. It was found that outdated and unused equipment was used by 23.52% of the companies and that no procedural guidelines were in place to monitor disposal practices and volumes. It was found that e-waste was often stored for long periods without consideration of the possible risks this might pose. Also, 5.88% of the respondents reported that electrical and electronic equipment that was no longer functional, was crushed and disposed of at general waste landfill sites. Only 41.18% of the companies had been authorised to dispose of their e-waste. The study concludes that emerging technologies will continue to advance and create new streams of WEEE. Improved waste management strategies for this type of waste thus need to be adopted and implemented by all generators of such waste. There is also an urgent need to create awareness of the risks associated with e-waste as this will reduce mismanagement and the negative impact e-waste will have on the environment when inappropriately discarded. Education regarding e-waste disposal will also enable organisations to make informed decisions and formulate strategies to better manage such waste. A shift towards a circular economy and improved methods to manage e-waste such as the recycling of discarded e-waste to recover valuable resources is essential for the creation of a risk-free and sustainable environment.
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    Finite element model of masonry structures on expansive soils
    (Central University of Technology, 2022) Smith, Zandri; Theron, E; Stott, P
    The ancient construction of masonry is still a prominent feature in the industry. Masonry is used particularly as a construction material for homes, schools, offices, and industrial buildings. To ensure that masonry structures are safe, they must comply with the Code of Practice for Unreinforced Masonry (SANS 0164-1:1980 as amended in 1986 and 1987), which states the necessary limitations for masonry design work. Therefore, the SANS devised several tests for different material choices. As these tests are mostly performed on physical structures, they are destructive, time-consuming, labour intensive and can be costly. Thus, alternative methods that will provide equivalent information faster, more accurately and less costly will be advantageous. This study was thus undertaken to design a finite element model to simulate the behaviour of masonry wall panels subjected to soil deformation so that rational material choices can be made to improve the susceptibility of cracking in masonry. In Phase 1, the material properties of five different mortar mixes were analysed in a controlled environment at the Central University of Technology Free State laboratory. In Phase 2, a finite element model was designed with the Prokon software program and refined using the mesh refinement method. The performance of different mortar material properties was analysed using the designed finite element model. Three experiments were performed on the five different mortar mixes. Three of the mortar mixes were sourced from the SANS 10164-1, and two from the ASTM C270- 1T. The experiments performed included the Young’s modulus test, determination of the bond strength test, and the application of the deformation test on physical wall panels. After conducting the experimental tests on the five different mortar mixes, an initial finite element model was designed using the finite element method approach based on mesh refinement. The mesh of the initial finite element model was refined to create five different mesh refinement models, each consisting of a different size mesh. The five mesh refinement models were used to design five finite element wall panels. The dimensions of the finite element wall panels were the same throughout, namely 8 × 10 bricks (1 830 × 790 mm). Theoretical parameters were assigned to each of the five different finite element wall panels to determine which wall panel supplied the most consistent results pertaining to the maximum and minimum stress in a wall panel, as well as the overall flow of stress. One finite element wall panel with a specified mesh refinement was selected from the five finite element wall panels for the analysis on the performance of different mortar material properties and standard cement brick properties. Each of the different mortar material properties and standard cement brick material properties was applied to the selected finite element model with specified mesh refinement. A deformation of 1 mm was applied to each finite element wall panel to determine the magnitude of stress found in a finite element wall panel designed using a specified mortar mix and standard cement brick properties. The tensile stress in each finite element wall panel was compared to the results of the three experiments performed. The finite element wall panels showed significant similarity to the experimental wall panels built. The stress distribution through each of the finite element wall panels during the mesh refinement process proceeded to illustrate stress differences among the brick and mortar elements. In the finite element wall panel where the mortar material properties with the least amount of strength was implemented the stress distribution in both the brick and mortar elements was remarkably low. In contrast to this result, the finite element wall panel with the higher mortar material properties of higher strength revealed a higher stress distribution in between the brick and mortar elements. The experimental wall panels that were built showed similar comparisons between the mortar with a high strength and a mortar with a lower strength. The experimental wall panel constructed with the higher strength mortar failed at a lower applied deformation than the experimental wall panel constructed with the mortar with lower compressive strength and higher flexibility. The results of these tests indicated that a mortar with a lower Young’s modulus, combined with a brick of higher strength, showed higher flexibility coefficient and lower stress distribution than a mortar with a higher Young’s modulus. Therefore, the use of a flexible mortar would reduce the stress in the wall panel and assist in masonry flexibility. The designed finite element model could make a significant contribution to the masonry industry in the construction of masonry structures on expansive soils. The finite element model could provide some level of confidence on the effect of masonry constructed on heaving soil, and thus determine the choice of adequate materials in such situations.
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    Assessment of indirect estimation methods to extend observed stage-discharge relationships for above-structure-limit conditions at flow-gauging weirs
    (Central University of Technology, 2023) Williams, Vernon Henry; Gericke, OJ; van der Spuy, D
    Streamflow is seldom directly measured; instead, the stage (flow depth) is continuously measured and converted into a discharge using a stage-discharge (SD) rating curve (RC) at a flow-gauging weir or specific river section. During flood events, flow-gauging weirs might be flooded with the water level beyond the gauging weir's designed measuring capacity, also referred to as the structural limit of the weir. Subsequently, the standard calibration of the flow-gauging weir will no longer be a true reflection of the actual discharges that occurred during the flood events, and the standard SD RC must then be extended beyond the highest stage reading to reflect these high discharges at above-structure-limit flow conditions. Direct measurements, e.g., conventional current gaugings, are also not always possible owing to various practical constraints associated with these high discharge events. As a result, various indirect methods for extending SD RCs are available; however, the impact of using these different methods varies significantly and highlights the need for a robust and reliable extension method. The overall aim of this research is to assess and compare a selection of indirect extension methods (e.g., hydraulic and one-dimensional modelling methods) with direct extension (benchmark) methods (e.g., at-site conventional current gaugings, hydrograph analyses and level pool routing techniques), in order to establish the best-fit and most appropriate SD extension method to be used in South Africa. As pilot case study, 10 flow-gauging sites in the Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and the Western Cape provinces were selected based on the range of possible site conditions present, e.g., type of flow-gauging weir, at-site and river geometry, flow conditions, type of hydraulics controls, and data availability. The following hydraulic methods were considered and applied at each site: (i) Simple extension (SE), (ii) Logarithmic extension (LE), (iii) Velocity extension simple approach (VE-SA), (iv) Velocity extension hydraulic radius approach (VEHRA), (v) Velocity extension Manning’s approach (VE-MA), (vi) Slope area method (SAM), and (vii) Stepped backwater analysis (SBA). In addition, one-dimensional modelling (1-D) was conducted using the Hydrologic Engineering Centre River Analysis System (HEC-RAS). Data were collected based on the hydrometric and geometric requirements for the extension of SD relationships. The processing of the geometric data, e.g., wetted perimeter, wetted area, and hydraulic radius, was done using the Windows CrossSection Professional (WinXSPRO), which is essentially a channel cross-section analyser. All the SD extensions were executed in the Microsoft Excel environment using semi-automated tools. The indirect extension methods’ results were compared and independently assessed against the direct SD measurements or estimates at each site by using a ranking-based selection procedure based on a selection of goodness-of-fit (GOF) criteria. In considering the overall GOF-based rankings, the SBA, SAM, and 1-D HEC-RAS steady flow modelling were identified as the most appropriate indirect estimation methods to reflect the hydraulic conditions during high discharges at a flow-gauging site. The other indirect extension methods were characterised by larger statistical differences between the at-site benchmark values and the modelled values. The VE-MA and SE methods are regarded as the least appropriate methods. In general, any extension method must be hydraulically correct if it is to be used as a robust approach to extend SD RCs beyond the structural limit. The extension of a RC is significantly more affected by the site (and river reach) geometry, initial hydraulic conditions, flow regimes and level of submergence at high discharges than the actual extension method used. Hence, there is no one-size-fits-all approach available for the extension of SD RCs in South Africa. By improving the quality of all input data and assigning more appropriate roughness coefficients, in conjunction with the implementation of new or alternative SD extension methods, the improved extension of SD RCs is warranted to result in consistent and acceptable results. Consequently, the improved and extended RCs will result in improved hydrological data sets, all of which, will contribute towards enhanced operational water resource planning, management, and allocation in South Africa. The recommendations for future research are towards the review of the current procedures used to estimate roughness coefficients for flash floods, and the consideration of alternative methods to extend SD relationships, e.g., hydrodynamic models, support vector machines (SVMs) and artificial neural network (ANN) methods.
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    Association between carotid intima-media thickness and patient outcomes in coronary artery disease in central South Africa
    (Central University of Technology, 2022) Mokoena, Victor Teboho; Botes, L; Smit, FE
    Objectives Atherosclerosis is responsible for significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Carotid intima medial thickness (CIMT) is a useful non-invasive tool to detect atherosclerosis to diagnose cardiovascular disease. The aim of the study was to assess the correlation between pre-operative CIMT measurements and intra- and post-operative surgical outcomes in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Methods This retrospective analytical cohort included 89 patients diagnosed with ACS who received CABG surgery. Patients were divided into two cohorts: group 1 (normal CIMT <0.07cm) and Group 2 (abnormal CIMT ≥0.07cm). B-mode ultrasound was used to measure the CIMT in all patients. Pre-, intra- and post-operative data and complications were recorded for each patient. Results The study included 77 (86.5%) males and 12 (13.5%) females. Pre-operative mean body mass index (BMI) was significantly higher (p=0.03) in group 2 than in group 1 (29.2 kg/m2 vs 26.6 kg/m2 ). Patients in group 2 had significantly more diabetes (p=0.008), hypertension (p=0.009) and an increased NT proBNP (p=0.02) than patients in group 1. The intra-operative and post-operative outcomes between groups were comparable, with no significant differences. Conclusion The study showed no correlation between abnormal CIMT and increased adverse intra- and postoperative patient outcomes. Therefore, based on the results of this study, CIMT should not be considered a tool to predict adverse events in patients undergoing CABG surgery.