Water quality and coliform diversity in the municipal water distribution system of a rural Free State town

Abstract

Water quality is a critical concern for global public health, particularly in developing nations like South Africa, where access to safe drinking water is often compromised. This study investigated the water quality and coliform diversity in the municipal water distribution system of the Masilonyana Local Municipality, a rural region in the Free State. Utilising both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods microbial detection methods, including Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and 16S rDNA analysis. Physio-chemical and microbiological characteristics of water samples were collected over a two-year period. A Water Quality Index (WQI) was developed to quantify the compliance of the water distribution system with the South African National Standards (SANS 241:2015). Results revealed significant variability in water quality across the system, with non-compliance in certain areas due to contamination and poor treatment processes. Additionally, coliform diversity analysis highlighted the presence of both common and rare species, demonstrating the persistence of microbial contaminants even after treatment. The study underscored the urgent need for improved water management practices and more comprehensive microbial monitoring to ensure safe drinking water for rural communities in South Africa.